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: ''This article is about the 19th Century Maryland judge. For the Socialist Mayor of Reading, Pennsylvania, see J. Henry Stump.'' Henry Stump (?–1865) served as Judge of the Criminal Court, 5th Judicial Circuit in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, from 1851 to 1860, one of the most lawless and politically violent decades in Baltimore history. He presided over the infamous trial of Plug-Ugly Henry Gambrill for the murder of a Baltimore police officer. In 1860, the Maryland General Assembly removed Stump from office for "misbehavior," the only jurist in Maryland history to be removed from the bench. Stump was also an eyewitness to the April 19, 1861 riots in Baltimore that marked the first bloodshed in the American Civil War. Stump was the brother of John Stump of Cecil County, Maryland, brother-in-law of Mary Alicia Stump〔 and uncle of Henry Arthur Stump (1857–1934). The latter served as Judge to the Baltimore City Supreme Bench from 1910 to 1934. Henry Stump's Baltimore office was located at 57 West Fayette Street and his residence at Barnum's Hotel. According to the ''American Almanac'', he earned a salary of $2,000 per year.〔''The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, For the Year 1857''. Boston: Crosby, Nichols, and Company, 1856, p. 279.〕 Stump died on October 29, 1865 at his brother's Cecil County home.〔 == Baltimore in the 1850s == Between 1790 and 1860, Baltimore's population increased from 13,000 to 200,000,〔Brown, George William. ''Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001 (1887), p. vii.〕 making it the third largest city in the United States. The Bank crisis in the 1830s, large numbers of European immigrants (a quarter of the population by 1860), a large free black population (25,000 in 1860), as well as slavery, created economic and political tensions. In addition, the “state’s 1851 constitution altered traditional political alignments in Maryland, and on the national front, the struggle over the Compromise of 1850 gravely injured Maryland’s political equilibrium. The subsequent dissolution of the Whig Party in the 1852 national elections left many Marylanders in the lurch. These voters turned to prohibition and nativism as answers to the problems facing their communities. By 1854, the Know-Nothing, or American, Party seized the reins of mayoral power in Baltimore, marking the rise of one of America’s most unusual third parties.”〔Brown, George William. ''Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001 (1887), p. ix.〕 In 1855, the American Party won power in the Baltimore City Council, the General Assembly and the Maryland delegation to Congress.〔 The American Party, representing nativist, anti-immigrant views, was associated with gangs such as the Plug Uglies which "practiced intimidation, assault, arson, and assassination."〔Melton, Tracy Matthew. ''Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860''. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2005, p. 50.〕 Much of the gang activity in Baltimore was political in nature: intimidation at the polls, for example. Immigrant and Catholic social clubs were organized by the Democratic Party (which was pro-slavery and sympathetic to the South)〔 which competed for power with the American Party. This conflict resulted in violence "in which scores of participants were killed and hundreds wounded. The large number of casualties made the American Party years some of the most violent in the city's history. The rates of criminal homicide would not be exceeded for another 100 years."〔 In the midst of the political turmoil and violence, Plug-Ugly member Henry Gambrill was arrested and convicted for the murder of Baltimore police officer (Benjamin Benton ). As Tracy Melton writes, “()ithin a single month the city had seen raw intimidation prevent the holding of a free and fair election and the assassination of a member of the police force because of his testimony at the criminal court. Violence was no longer merely an aspect of the rough culture on the city’s streets, a friction in the transaction of daily affairs, entertainment for some, a nuisance for others, but only occasionally disruptive. It now threatened life and property, imperiled civil rights, and endangered the administration of justice and the rule of law.”〔Melton, Tracy Matthew. ''Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854-1860''. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2005, p. 251.〕 Demands for reform and an end to the violence plaguing the city resulted in the conviction and hanging of Gambrill and a beginning to the end of the political-based violence.〔Melton, Tracy Matthew. ''Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854-1860''. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2005, p. 7.〕 Baltimore, just prior to the Civil War, was "at a crucial moment of transformation. Its politics were raw and corrupt, its civic services and justice system underdeveloped and unprofessional. Out of the resulting carnage came reforms ..."〔Evitts, William J., "In Review, Hanging Henry Gambrill," ''Urbanite'', #26, August 2006.〕 After the 1859 election-related violence, "the Reform Association asked the General Assembly's new Democratic majority to clean up what one delegate called a 'God-Forsaken and God-accursed city.' Reformers successfully lobbied for passage of the Baltimore Bills, laws that gave the state control over the city's police, militia volunteers, and juries and reduced crowds at polling places by subdividing each ward into four election precincts. Citing fraud and intimidation at Baltimore's polls, the legislature unseated the city's representatives. It also dismissed a criminal court judge, Henry Stump, who habitually acquitted Know-Nothing defendants."〔Towers, Frank. ''The Urban South and the Coming of the Civil War''. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004, p. 156.〕 In 1860, Baltimore voters elected as mayor reform candidate George William Brown, who had called for “establishment of professional police and fire departments in Baltimore; the sentencing of juvenile delinquents to the House of Reform as opposed to prison; the end of ‘straw bail’; and tougher punishments for adults criminals. Brown also advocated stricter rules for the pardoning of criminals.”〔Brown, George William. ''Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001 (1887), p. xi.〕 “The election of George William Brown to mayor of Baltimore marked the beginning of the end of a long streak of political violence, perhaps unique in American history.”〔Brown, George William. ''Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001 (1887), p. xii.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Henry Stump」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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